Ngữ pháp JLPT N5
- Noun + ですis / am / are (polite copula)
- Noun + だis / am / are (plain copula)
- Noun + でしたwas / were (polite past copula)
- Noun + ではありませんis not / am not / are not (polite negative copula)
- Verb stem + ますpolite non-past verb ending
- Verb stem + ましたpolite past verb ending
- Verb stem + ませんpolite non-past negative verb ending
- Verb stem + ませんでしたpolite past negative verb ending
- X + はmarks the topic of a sentence (pronounced 'wa')
- X + がmarks the grammatical subject; introduces new information
- X + をmarks the direct object of a transitive verb
- X + にmarks target, destination, location of existence, or time
- X + でmarks the means, tool, or location of an action
- X と Yand (exhaustive listing); with (accompanying person/thing)
- X + の + Ymarks possession; modifies a noun with another noun
- X + へmarks direction of movement (pronounced 'e')
- X + からmarks the starting point: from (place/time)
- X + までmarks the endpoint: until / as far as
- X + もalso / too / as well
- Sentence + かmarks a sentence as a question
- Sentence + ねright? / isn't it? (seeking agreement or confirming shared knowledge)
- Sentence + よI'm telling you / emphasis; informs the listener of new information
- これ / それ / あれ / どれthis / that / that over there / which (pronominal demonstratives)
- この / その / あの / どの + Nounthis / that / that ___ over there / which ___ (attributive demonstratives)
- ここ / そこ / あそこ / どこhere / there / over there / where (place demonstratives)
- Place に Noun が ありますthere is / exists (for inanimate things)
- Place に Animate が いますthere is / exists (for animate beings: people and animals)
- Verb-てconnecting form (basis for many compound constructions)
- Verb-て + くださいplease do (polite request)
- Verb-て + いますbe doing (progressive); be in the state of having done (resultant state)
- Verb-ないplain (casual) negative verb form
- Verb-たplain (casual) past verb form
- い-adjective + (です)い-adjective non-past (affirmative)
- い-adjective stem + くない / くありませんい-adjective negative (is not ___)
- い-adjective stem + かった(です)い-adjective past (was ___)
- な-adjective + です / だな-adjective non-past
- な-adjective + な + Nounな-adjective modifying a noun directly
- な-adjective + ではありません / じゃないな-adjective negative
- な-adjective + でした / だったな-adjective past
- Verb stem + ましょうlet's ___ (polite volitional)
- Verb stem + ましょうかshall we ___? (invitation); shall I ___? (offer)
- Verb stem + たいwant to ___ (speaker's own desire)
- Noun + が + ほしい(です)want (a thing) — for the speaker's own desire
- A のほうが B より + adjectiveA is more ___ than B (comparative)
- 一番 + adjectivethe most / the best (superlative)
- Number + つgeneral-purpose counter for small things (one, two, three…)
- Number + 人 (にん)counter for people
- 何 / 誰 / どこ / いつ / どう / どうしてbasic interrogatives: what / who / where / when / how / why
- Verb-ない + でくださいplease do not ___ (polite negative request)
- X や Y (など)X and Y (and so on) — non-exhaustive listing