Ngữ pháp JLPT N3
- Plain form + にしてもeven if / even assuming / even for
- Plain form + とは限らないnot necessarily / not always
- V ない / i-adj くない + ことはないit's not that one doesn't / it's not impossible to
- V-て form / noun + 以来ever since / since (a specific past event)
- Noun + に対してtoward / against / in contrast to
- Noun + に関して / に関するregarding / concerning (formal)
- Noun + にかわって / にかわりinstead of / on behalf of / in place of
- Noun + としてas / in the role of / in the capacity of
- Noun + において / におけるin / at / regarding (formal)
- Noun + 向け(に / の)targeted at / for (a specific audience)
- Noun + 向き(の / に)suitable for / naturally fitting
- V plain non-past / noun + につれてas (X progresses/increases), correspondingly
- Noun / V plain + とともにtogether with / as X happens
- Noun / number + 切り / きりonly / exclusively / just
- Verb-た form + きり + (negative continuation)since last doing X, (haven't done Y) / only doing X and no more
- Plain form + だけにprecisely because / being X, all the more
- Plain form + だけあってas one would expect from / fittingly
- Plain form + ばかりにmerely because / just because (often with negative outcome)
- Plain form + ばかりかnot only X but also Y
- Plain form + というよりrather than / more than saying X
- Noun / plain form + と言えばspeaking of / when it comes to
- Plain form + と言ってもalthough I say / although we call it
- Noun + といった + nounsuch as / things like
- Noun / i-adj stem / V stem + っぽいseems / looks / -ish / tends to
- i-adj / na-adj / V stem + げlooking / appearing (-like)
- Plain form + どころかfar from / let alone / on the contrary
- Noun / V plain + どころではないno time for / can't afford to / out of the question
- Plain form + 一方でon the other hand / while at the same time
- Verb plain non-past + 一方だkeeps X-ing / continues to increase (one direction)
- V-た form / noun + の + 上でupon doing / after careful X (as a prerequisite)
- Plain form + わりに(は)considering / for (an X), (relatively) Y
- V-て form / i-adj 〜くて / na-adj で + たまらないunbearably / can't stand how
- V-て form / i-adj 〜くて / na-adj で + ならないcan't help feeling / uncontrollably
- Noun + 中 (ちゅう / じゅう)during / in the middle of / throughout
- Noun / V ます-stem + 気味appearing / tending to / looking slightly
- Verb ます-stem + 続けるcontinue doing / keep doing
- Verb ます-stem + 直すredo / do (X) over again
- Verb ます-stem + 合うdo X mutually / reciprocally
- Verb ます-stem + 出すsuddenly start (doing X) / begin abruptly
- Verb ます-stem + 込むdo X thoroughly / into (a space or state)
- Noun / V 〜ている + 最中in the middle of / right in the midst of
- Plain form + っけwas it the case that / I can't quite remember (casual)
- Plain form + もの / もんbecause / since (emotional or justifying)
- Plain form + んだもん(it's) because / that's why (casual whining)
- Verb ない-form + でwithout doing / instead of doing
- Plain form + にちがいないmust be / certainly / no doubt
- Verb plain non-past + ことだshould do / it's advisable / the important thing is to
- Verb plain non-past + (より)ほか(は)ないhave no choice but to / there's no option except
- i-adj / na-adj (+ な) / V-た + ことに(は)to X's surprise / delight / disappointment
- V plain non-past + くらいならrather than / if it comes to X, I'd rather Y