Ngữ pháp JLPT N4
- Verb → potential formcan do / is able to do
- Verb → passive formis done (passive); also expresses adversity / indirect affect
- Verb → causative formmake / let someone do something
- Verb-た + ことがあるhave done ___ (experience)
- Verb (dictionary form) + つもりintend to / plan to ___
- Plain form + と思うI think (that) ___
- Quoted phrase + と言うsay that ___; be called ___
- Plain form + だろう / でしょうprobably / I guess / it will probably be
- Plain form + かもしれないmight / may / perhaps
- Plain form + はずshould be / ought to be / is expected to
- Verb-た + らif / when ___ (general conditional)
- Verb → ば formif ___ (general/hypothetical conditional)
- Verb (dictionary form) + とwhenever / when (natural consequence)
- X + ならif (it is the case that) ___; as for ___
- Verb → volitional formlet's ___; I shall ___ (plain volitional)
- Verb-て + はいけない / はいけませんmust not ___ (prohibition)
- Verb-て + もいい / もいいですmay / it's okay to ___ (permission)
- Verb-ない stem + なければならないmust / have to / need to
- Verb-なく + てもいいdon't have to / it's okay not to
- Plain form + のでbecause / since ___ (softer, more objective than から)
- Clause + が / けど / けれどもbut / although / however
- Plain form + んです / のですexplains, gives reason, or softly asserts: 'it's that ___'
- X + になるbecome ___
- X + にするdecide on / make it ___
- Verb stem + 始めるbegin to ___ / start ___ing
- Verb stem + 終わるfinish ___ing
- Verb stem / adj stem + すぎるtoo much / overly ___
- Verb stem + やすいeasy to ___
- Verb stem + にくいhard to ___ / difficult to ___
- Plain-form clause + Nounnoun-modifying (attributive) clauses: 'the ___ that ___'
- Verb-た + り + Verb-た + り + するdo things like X and Y (non-exhaustive list of actions)
- Transitive verb (他動詞) vs intransitive verb (自動詞) pairsverb pairs distinguishing 'X does Y' (transitive) from 'Y happens' (intransitive)
- i-adj stem / 〜たい stem + がるshow signs of / appear to feel (third-person emotion)
- Verb ます-stem + 方way of doing / how to do
- Verb plain non-past + ようにする / ようにしているmake it so that / try to do (habitually)
- Verb-て form + からafter doing X (then Y)
- V plain non-past / noun + の + 前にbefore doing X / before X
- V-た form / noun + の + 後でafter doing X / after X
- V plain non-past + ことができるcan do / is able to do
- V plain non-past / V ない + ことにするdecide to (active personal decision)
- V plain non-past / V ない + ことになるit is decided that / comes to be that
- Verb ます-stem + なさい(do it) — gentle command
- V-て form + ほしいwant someone (else) to do X
- Plain form + し (+ plain form + し + ...)and / besides (non-exhaustive listing of reasons or facts)
- Verb volitional form + と思うI think I will / intend to do
- V-て form + くれる(someone) does a favor for me / us
- V-て form + もらうI receive the favor of X doing Y / I have X do Y
- V-て form + あげるI do a favor for (someone outside my in-group)
- Giver が Receiver に Object を あげるto give (outward, from in-group to out-group)
- Giver が (Receiver に) Object を くれるto give (toward speaker / in-group)