Ngữ pháp JLPT N4
- Receiver が Giver に / から Object を もらうto receive
- お + V ます-stem + ください (or ご + Sino-Japanese noun + ください)please do (very polite honorific request)
- Verb → passive form (honorific usage)honorific use of passive form (polite way to describe superior's actions)
- お + V ます-stem + する (or ご + Sino-Japanese noun + する)humble form: I will do X (for a superior)
- こういう / そういう / ああいう / どういう + nounthis kind of / that kind of / that kind of (over there) / what kind of
- Verb stem + たいと思うI (think I) want to do
- V plain / i-adj / na-adj な / noun の + 場合(は)in the case of / in the event that / if
- Number + counter + ずつeach / per / at a rate of
- V plain non-past + つもりだったhad intended to / was going to
- V plain / i-adj / noun の / na-adj な + はずだったwas supposed to / should have been
- Noun + でもeven (a) / or something (casual suggestion)
- V-て form + いただくI humbly receive the favor of X doing Y (humble)
- Verb ば-form + いいshould / just need to / it'd be good if
- Giver が Receiver に Object を やるto give (casual / to inferiors, pets, plants)
- V-て form + もeven if / even though (hypothetical or counterfactual contrast)
- いらっしゃる (honorific of 行く / 来る / いる)(honorific) to go / to come / to be (at a place)
- おっしゃる (honorific of 言う)(honorific) to say
- ご覧になる (honorific of 見る)(honorific) to see / to look at
- なさる (honorific of する)(honorific) to do
- 参る (humble of 行く / 来る)(humble) to go / to come
- 申す (humble of 言う)(humble) to say / to be called (a name)
- いただく (humble of もらう / 食べる / 飲む)(humble) to receive / to eat / to drink
- くださる (honorific of くれる)(honorific) (someone superior) gives to me / us
- Noun (or V plain) + しか + negative predicateonly / nothing but (negative-polarity 'only')
- Noun + が + 好き / 嫌いlike / dislike (object takes が, not を)
- Noun + が + わかるunderstand (object takes が, not を)
- Noun + が + できるcan do / is possible (object takes が, not を)
- Noun + が + 聞こえる / 見えるis audible / is visible (spontaneous perception; object takes が)
- だから (sentence-initial)so / therefore / that's why
- それで (sentence-initial)and then / so / as a result
- それから (sentence-initial)and then / after that / in addition
- しかし (sentence-initial)but / however (formal)
- けれども (mid-sentence or sentence-initial)but / however (formal-neutral)
- X とか Y (とか)like X and Y / things like (non-exhaustive casual listing)
- Plain form / phrase + って(casual) that... / they said... / the thing called...
- それでも (sentence-initial)even so / nonetheless / still
- Verb-stem / い-adj stem / な-adj root + そう(だ/です)looks like / seems (appearance-based judgment)
- Plain form + そう(だ/です)I heard that / apparently (reported speech)
- Verb volitional + かと思うthinking of doing / half-considering