Ngữ pháp JLPT N3
- Plain form + ようだappears / seems (evidence-based, formal)
- Plain form / noun + みたい(だ/です)looks like / seems / is like (casual)
- Plain form / noun + らしいseems / apparently / typical of
- Verb-て form + おくdo in advance / leave in a state
- Verb-て form + しまうcompletion / regret (finish doing / end up doing)
- Transitive verb-て form + あるhas been done (state from intentional action)
- Verb-て form + みるtry doing (to see what happens)
- Verb-て form + いくgoing on / away from reference point (spatially or temporally)
- Verb-て form + くるcoming to / becoming (toward reference point)
- Verb ます-stem + ながらwhile doing (two simultaneous actions, same subject)
- V plain non-past / V ない-form / い-adj / noun-の / な-adj + な + うちにwhile (the state holds) / before (it changes)
- V 〜ている / noun-の / adj + 間 or 間にduring / while (a period within which something happens)
- Verb-た form + ばかりjust (recently) did
- Verb form + ところjust (now) did / just about to do / in the middle of doing
- V plain / noun + の + ためにfor the purpose of / for the sake of / because of
- V plain non-past (potential / intransitive / ない-form) + ようにso that / in order to (non-volitional goal)
- Plain form + のにalthough / even though (contrary to expectation)
- V plain / noun-の + おかげで (positive) or せいで (negative)thanks to / because of (with explicit positive or negative attribution)
- Noun / verb (〜て form / plain) + ばかりonly / nothing but / just (emphatic)
- Verb ます-stem + かけるhalf-done / in the middle of / about to (interrupted action)
- Noun / verb plain + ほど; also A は B ほど [adj]-ないto the extent of / not as ___ as
- Noun / verb plain + くらい / ぐらいabout / approximately / to the extent that
- Verb plain form / na-adj + な + ことnominalizer: 'the act / fact of doing'
- Verb plain form / na-adj + な + のnominalizer: 'the act / fact of doing' (perceptual/concrete)
- V plain non-past / noun-の + たびにevery time / whenever
- Plain form (or noun / na-adj root) + かどうかwhether or not
- Noun + についてabout / regarding
- Noun + にとってfor / to / from the perspective of
- Noun + によってby means of / depending on / by (passive agent)
- Verb (dictionary form) + べきだshould / ought to (moral or social obligation)
- Verb-た form + ほうがいいhad better / it's better to
- Verb-ない stem + なくちゃ / なきゃ (+ いけない / ならない)must / have to (casual contractions)
- Verb-ば form + よかったshould have / would have been better if
- Verb-ば form + Verb dictionary form + ほどthe more X, the more Y
- Verb → causative-passive formbe made to do / be forced to do
- Verb-た / noun-の / i-adj / demonstrative + ままwithout changing / as is / the way it was
- Verb negative stem + ずにwithout doing
- Verb stem + たがる / たがっている(third person) wants to / shows signs of wanting
- Noun + さえ (+ negative or extreme statement)even (emphatic, minimal case)
- Noun + こそprecisely / the very / it is exactly
- Verb-た form + とたん(に)the moment that / as soon as
- Noun + 次第 / V ます-stem + 次第depending on / as soon as (formal)
- V plain / i-adj / noun + である + 限りas long as / to the extent that / as far as
- Noun + だらけfull of / covered with (usually negative)
- Plain form + ふりをするto pretend to / act as if
- Plain form + くせにdespite / although (critical / reproachful contrast)
- Plain form + わけだit means that / no wonder / that's why
- Plain form + わけではないit's not (necessarily) that / it doesn't mean that
- Verb ます-stem + ようがない / ようもないthere's no way to / can't possibly
- Verb ます-stem + っぱなしleave X in a state / continuously / without stopping