Ngữ pháp JLPT N2
- V plain non-past / noun + にあたって / にあたりon the occasion of / at the time of (formal)
- V plain / noun + に先立って / に先立ちprior to / in advance of
- Noun / V plain + をきっかけに(して)triggered by / with X as the impetus
- Noun + を契機に / を契機としてtaking X as the opportunity / prompted by
- Noun + につきdue to / because of / per
- Plain form + (が)ゆえに / 故にbecause / therefore (literary)
- Plain form + ことからfrom the fact that / based on the fact
- V plain / i-adj / na-adj な / noun の + あまりout of excess / from too much
- V ば-form + こそprecisely because / it is only because
- Plain form + からこそprecisely because / it is exactly because
- Noun / V plain + に伴って / に伴いaccompanying / along with / as X progresses
- Noun + に応じてdepending on / in response to / in accordance with
- Noun + にこたえてin response to / responding to (expectations, requests)
- Plain form / noun + にかかわらずregardless of / irrespective of
- Plain form + にもかかわらずdespite / in spite of / even though
- Noun + を問わずregardless of / without regard to
- Noun + はともかく(として)setting X aside / putting X aside / regardless of
- Noun + はさておきsetting X aside (formal)
- Noun + に限ってof all (things/people/times) / precisely when
- Noun + に限らずnot limited to / not only X (but also)
- V negative stem + ずにはいられないcan't help doing / can't stop oneself from
- V ない-form + ではいられないcan't help doing / can't stop oneself from (casual variant)
- V-て form + (は)いられないcan't afford to be (doing X) / can't stay (in state X)
- Plain form + にしろ / にせよeven if / whether or not (formal)
- Plain form + としてもeven if / even assuming / even as
- Verb volitional + と / ようとregardless of / no matter (what / who / how)
- V volitional + と + V dict-form/ます-stem + まい(と)whether or not (one does) X
- Verb dict / ます-stem + まいwill not / probably not / intention not to
- Verb ます-stem + 抜くdo X to the very end / thoroughly
- Verb ます-stem + かねないmight / could (something bad)
- Verb ます-stem + かねるcannot (quite) / hard to / difficult to
- Verb ます-stem + づらいhard to do (emotionally / uncomfortably)
- Verb ます-stem + がたいhard / difficult to (formal)
- Verb dict-form + べくin order to / for the purpose of (literary)
- Noun + はもちろん(のこと)not to mention / of course / needless to say
- Noun + を通じて / を通してthrough / via / throughout (all of)
- Noun + にわたって / にわたり / にわたるover / spanning / across (a period or extent)
- Noun + を中心に(して)centered on / focusing on / mainly
- Noun + を込めてwith (feeling) / putting (feeling) into
- Noun + にしてはfor (a) / considering X (surprising)
- Noun + にしてat (the point of) / being (X), (emphatic)
- V-た form / noun + の + 末(に)after (a long process) / at the end of
- Plain form + だけのことはある(it's) as expected from / lives up to
- Verb dict-form + までもないno need to even / not worth (doing)
- Plain form + というものだthat's what X is / that's (the nature of) X
- Plain form + というものではないit's not simply (a matter of) / it's not that
- Plain form + ものだから / ものでbecause / it's because (excusing / justifying)
- Noun + やら + noun + やらthings like X and Y (disordered / overwhelming)
- Noun + からしてjudging from / starting with (as a representative example)
- Noun + からすると / からすればfrom X's standpoint / judging from